The Price of Progress

economic development makes developed poplations vulnerable to all diseases suffered.  development disturbs traditional enviromental balances and could dramatically increase bacterial and parasite disease. poverty diseases may appear if unattainable. diet changes adapt to the availability of food in tribal areas. diets often stay the same unless they are voluntay to change. but some tribal people are forced to change.lower nutritional levels in world- market economy. deterioration sets in to some people and when new nutrients are introduced it causes big problems. when diet is the same in tribal people their teeth are great but for those who changed diets either willingly or unwillingly showed a decrease in good teeth. tribal people who have to adopt new economic patterns show malnutrition. some people either cant afford or just dont have the resources to have proper protein to stay healthy. as the world progresses new strains are brought on the ecosystems which they rely on their survival. as more people come into tribal areas population starts to grow. attention is focused on fundemental contrasts between tribal  and industrial systems. i agree that tribal values and processes or things have changed greatly with how the world is progressing. there are few tribal people living the traditional life only because our world have become so populated that it caused a change in tribal traditions.

The Adaptive Value of Religious Ritual

In Jerusalem men and women do their rituals on the foot of a structure in the hot sun. women wear long sleeve shirts, head coverings, and heavy long skirts. men have thick black beards and wear long black coats and fur hats. they dress as if its cold weather and suffer just to worship. in the U.S. we typically go to church or dont have such extreme circumstances. but that shows the big differences in religious rituals all around the world. i think that rituals and religions in the U.S. are still just as effective but not as brutal from my knowledge. the initiation for some cultures is way more than i would have ever expected. messing with children's genitals and causing pain to someone is not worth it in my mind but for some that is your only option, brutal or not.
there was a misunderstanding among primitives that dreams are real. when people have dreams about dead ancestors lead primitives to believe that spirits can survive death. being religious costs you money which i think is ridiculous.religions that require you to give things up or have certain beliefs have higher rates but less intense religions have steadily been losing members the more commitment the better the cooperation from the members.

The Kpelle Moot

Africa is characterized by many writers as a high development of law and legal procedures. the Kpelle are Mande-speaking, patrilineal group of 175,000 rice cultivators in Central Liberia and regions of Guinea. there is no single king or paramount chief but series of chiefs of same authority which political organizations are centralized through. paramount chief is highest tribal authority in Liberia. in the research done they have transcripts made of cases. in a Kpelle courtroom the hearings are coercive and arbitrary in tone. court is effective in settling assault, possession of illegal charms or theft cases. here we have possession of drugs too not just illegal charms which im not sure what that is exactly. most brought up cases is disputed rights of women, the moot is more effective in handling these cases. moot most often held on Sunday, day of rest for christians and non-christians at the home of the complaint or person that calls the moot.kinsman is mediator. participation of spectators is demanded and blessings are chanted by an elder.
everyone attending the moot wears their best clothes, unless its not Sunday then they just wear everyday clothes. anyone can speak out or against the complaintant but anyone who speaks when the mediator is talking they are fined by having to bring some rum for the group to drink.person held at fault will have to apologize to the other. losing party also fined by bring rum or beer to the mediator and anyone else who heard the case.courtroom is dependent on the judge but a moot is on the parties involved. in moot solution is more consensual. mediator can give no jail time or a heavy fine. Kpelle courts grant divorce. Kpelle moot is domestic and family relations courts. both formal and informal dispute settlements serve significance in Kpelle society

The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race

for most of history we supported ourselves by hunting and gathering. but now there are very few tribes that are hunters and gatherers. we began many years ago domesticating plants and animals. agriculture is a way to get more food for less work and is why we adopted in in society.agriculture enabled us to build the Parthenon. average time per week devoted to obtaining food is 12-19 hours for one group of bushmen, 14 hours or less for Hadza nomads. the mix of wild plants and animals in diets of surviving hunter-gatherers
provides more protein and better balance of nutrients. farmers concentrate more on high-carb crops like rice and potatoes. archaeologists can tell when the switch happened from evidence from the prehistoric garbage dumps.there is many ways that skeletons are identified and examined, even to determine any diseases they had.  by finding skeletons and viewing them they can determine what the culture was and an average of what they would look like. we still use the same techniques today to determine what kind of past a skeleton had.

"Strange Country This"

among the Crows, men who dressed like women  and specialized in women's work were accepted and sometimes honored. no society that allwed people  of the same sex to marry has or could survive. the original peoples of North America saw no threat from homosexuality, they believed individuals with these traits were unique and good for their communities.same sex marriages flourished until the Europeans arrived. attraction between opposites is what they considered normal. there were four hundred tribal groups in North America when Europeans showed up. there was a diverse array  of enviromental adaptations. native societies use the environment unlike us today we use technology more than anything. women made important, sometimes most important contributions to their families. alternate gender roles were most widely shared features. the refrence of third and fourth gender was in 1704 memoir its use spread to every part of North America. Berdaches was a term used for men that dressed like women and did womens work. or a women doing mans work. third gender identity acknowledged when a male and female child found interest in opposite sex roles/ hobbies. there were only  few accounts of berdaches sexuality which some claimed they were asexual. they were sexually active with their own sex and in this culture it was expectations of their role. there was a women that was reported to have sex with over 100 men.
in our culture now we have homosexuals and straights and bi people. its not as accepted in our culture because we have alot of judgment. but it all began with experimenting with doing things and dressing like the opposite sex. so the culture many years ago and in different parts of the world still is part of our society today

Law, Custom, and Crimes against Women

in Delhi, the husband and his family burn women, the bride's with kerosene til they died. this is called bride-burning or dowry death. married women 16-30 years old in Delhi 482 deathes by burning in 1985, 478 in 1986, 300 for the first 6 months of 1987. police record and hospital records dont match for 3rd degree burns far more violence happened than the crime reports indicated. there are unmarried women that commit suicide  just to relieve their families of a burden to provide a dowry.3 sisters hung themselves bacause their father didnt have enough to negotiate  marriage for his oldest daughter. the grooms requested too much. i dont quite understand why families would want to go through this it is so messed up and disgusting. 3,000 abortions were carried out after determining the sex and only one involved a male fetus. the government decided to ban sex determination tests except in government hospitals.
in the marriage of Hindus it is required that the property from the family of the bride is transfered to the family of the groom. dowry is a religious obligation of the father of a women. authority of the women is transfered to the husband. marriage in India even costs money between families. it a difficult thing that i would never want to be a part of. education of a women can be problematic because suitable husbands  must also be college educated. parents of young men demand more dowry for their sons. physical attractiveness isnt paid much attention to unlike now in the U.S. alot of marriages and relationships are based on someones looks and if you are attracted to them.
advertisements in newspapers were used to establish marriage proposals. self arranged marriages are called love marriages where men and women develop a relationship with out their familes and ask family reps to carry out negotiations on their behalf. marriage is a process where two families mutually evaluate each other.  three possible types of expenditures: cash gifts, gifts of household goods, and expenditures on the wedding celebration itself. the cash and gifts go to the groom's household. but some household gifts can go to the newlyweds if they have their own place. dates of marriage are set by horoscopes. doweries were alot and relied on the bride's family. dowry defined by Friedl means to adjust a women to her affinal home.inheritance goes to where the woman is our reproduces and where the children will benefit, given valuable property like farm land.
Dowry Prohibition Act makes it illegal to give or take dowry. in violation to this it is five years and a fine of 15,000 rupeesor the amount of the dowry which is even more. all presents must be listed on a document before the consummation of the marriage.
there were advertisements in the newspaper that showed a photograph of a doll in Indian bridal wear and was shown in flames. that was to show the effects of dowry. in the north women are excluded from property holding and instead recieve a dowry of movables. in south they could recieve rights to land. north women are high cost items  of social overhead. south contribute labor and are more highly valued. death rates are higher when marriage costs are high. members of lower ranking castes report less dowry harassment.
employment of women effects the dowry.
if the value of a women was high bride price would be paid, and if the value was low dowry transactions would occur.
in my opinion dowry is just wrong and there should be no value on a women. its a human being not just some trash. women were way too under valued and had no respect towards them

How Many fathers are Best for a Child?

the Bari version of conception is that a child can have more than one father. as Rachel describes "a fetus is built up over time with repeated washes of sperm" meaning that more than one man can contribute. groups across South America and other cultures across the globe all expect one mom and one dad to be the beliefs in every culture. they do believe though that the first act of sex should be between a husband and his wife, and that plants the seed. they say the fetus then needs to be nourished by repeated anointings of semen.
in their culture a woman's body is viewed as a vessel and men do all the work. they claim its hard work for men to support a pregnancy by having enough sex. they believe in lovers being okay to have and are used so their husbands dont get wore out.
unlike in our culture where both mother and father have long-term economic responsibility, and when a parent fails to provide for a child its a violation of law. in their culture when a man is named as a second biological father they are obligated to the mother and child and are expected to gift them with fish and game.
researchers recorded 916 pregnancies out of 114 women an average of 8 pregnancies for each women. about 1/3 did not survive to age 15 . seondary fathers were involved in 25% of pregnancies.
children with 1 father and one second father made it to their teens, but children with 1 father or more than 2 didnt last as long.
the Bari believe that the best way to cure a sick child is for the father to blow tobacco smoke over their child's body. in their culture and kinda in ours it is essential to have a wife for economic necessity to harvest, manioc farming and cooking while the men would hunt and gather. in our culture the women are expected to cook and go out and buy the food and keep the house up.
1/3 of 122 women were faithful to their husbands during pregnancy. humans are naturally monogamous forming nuclear behavior. i totally agree. i grew up expecting every family to have one mom and one dad and that having lovers was wrong.
in China a father leaves and has nothing to do with the child or family. children grow up at home with their mothers and siblings and they stay there for life. the father has no responsibilities toward the child, so pretty much they are just sperm donors.

When Brothers Share a Wife

i dont quite understand why anyone would want to share a wife i find it very weird but only because its not part of our culture. Tibetans brothers marry one wife and they all share her in every part of the marriage. the oldest son is always in charge but all the brothers go out and work and take care of things. when children are born they are to all act the same towards the kid and show no favoritism as the child calls each of them dad even when they know when their real father is. in our society monogamy is the only form of marriage that is permitted. but tibetans allow monogamy, fraternal polyandry, and polygyny. polygyny typically only occurs when the first wife is barren. when practicing fraternal polyandry the brothers are not required to marry jointly. if a brother became dissatisfied and wanted to seperate he simply just left and started his own household. the children would stay at the main house with the wife and other brothers.
when Dorje was asked why he didnt want his own wife he simply stated that it prevented division of his family's farm. meaning they were better off economically. when his wife was asked if it was hard to cope with 3 brother husbands she said no she and her children were better off with 3 men supporting them. the oldest son inheirited the family estate, but the younger sons had to leave home and find their own employment.
tibetans believe fraternal polyandry reduces family fission. they were always in competition with other wife's to have more boys than girls because boys represent future and success.tension and difficulties often occur when only one brother can be in charge and the others have no chance.the wife must show equal sexual affection to all brothers. tibetans marry jointly because there is a shortage of females and they have to keep the family going by having more kids and bringing in more money to eat. having farms and animals was difficult.fraternal polyandry reduces population growth relegating females to lifetime spinsterhood. in limi 31 percent of women were unmarried.

Joking cultures: Humor themes as social

in group joking you have to know one another to understand. joking creates comfort in a group and gives the chance for commonalities. is it a general rule that joking doesnt go on between strangers, it is from and on going relationship with a person or group. having the background information, prior knowledge and past experience affects the way the humor goes and is interpreted by the group members. jokes must be precieved as being useable within the group. joking must be responsive to group norms. being an outsider trying to be in on jokes is very difficult when that isnt your normal group and you are outside their norms. the joke must be appropriate with the groups status. joking is not to be serious. in some cases it lightens the mood of things or takes pressure off certain things. groups tend to create traditions to connect the members with each other. and sometimes you joke to ease embarrassment. one is truely a member of the group when they can joke easily with other members and understand and share jokes.when one doesnt have social control they movew their way closer to leaving the group. there were two situations explaining people playing jokes on others, then coming forward about it. those situations showed the tension between securing social control and sharing cohesive culture. joking brings people closer rather than apart

Tricking and Tripping

in the article i found it very interesting that this reasearcher was so interested in prostitution that she did real field work. she went straight to the source of them and found out so much. he findings made me realize that there is so much to why people become prostitutes and how bad their lives really are. i believe that AIDS has definetly spread faster through prostitutes not only from themselves but the guys they have to sleep with. those guys arent gonna say they have AIDS. but now i believe it is a law that you MUST tell every partner that you are HIV positive to make them aware and so it does not spread and people can get help. i couldnt imagine having to be a prostitute and that being my only source of money. i know the economy is bad now but i hope that doesnt increase the number of prostitutes on the streets and the drug users.

Eating Christmas in the Kalahari

In the article it shows how cultures have different ways of doing things. In Kalahari the Bushmen hunt and gather to get their supplies unlike in the United States we just go to stores and buy our things. A social anthropologist decided he wanted to experience how the bushmen eat at christmas. so as a thank you he went out to find the christmas ox because this was his last year in the field(Kalahari). he wanted to slaughter the largest, meatiest ox that money could buy. he paid $56 for this amazing ox but as he was happy to find something so good he wen and bragged about it. as a result the bushmen told him that the ox he chose was big but old so there wouldnt be very much meat just lots of bones. as christmas got closer he was trying to find another ox so they would have more meat, but he had no such luck. once christmas came he was fed up with what all the people were saying about it not being a good pick that he said kill it anyway and people will just have to deal with it. when they opened it up there was lots of fat and meat and the anthropologist was so happy and was like in your face to the bushmen and they all laughed. they knew all a long that it would have lots of meat but in their culture they dont brag about their catch  beacuse those people think they are chief and just big like they can make people into their servants and demand them what to do. which proves a good point beacuse i see people do that all the time. i dont believe its right but it happens